Heart and Lung Sounds, 2nd Edition By Cyndi Zarbano

Achieving excellence in the care we give is a goal for every healthcare provider. In order to do so, we must ensure that we have the tools to allow for critical thinking to occur. One of the most fundamental tools for success in the medical arena is to have an understanding of the clues we find in our assessments. Cyndi Zarbano discusses pearls of wisdom for excellent assessment skills and be able to explain the: who, what, why, and where’s of extra heart and lung sound clues.

1. Breakdown 6 extra heart sounds and distinguish what they mean when you hear them.
2. Assess the difference between systolic and diastolic murmurs, as well as clues to expected assessment finding with each.
3. Exploit 5 adventitious breath sounds and understand the clue and common causes for their occurrence.
4. Evaluate voice sounds to confirm pulmonary pathology.

Cardiac Assessment Skills

• Extra Heart Sounds
  • S2 Splits
  • S3
  • S4
  • Summation Gallops
  • Mechanical Clicks
  • Pericardial friction Rubs

• Heart Murmurs
  • 4 Systolic Murmurs
  • 3 Diastolic Murmurs

Pulmonary assessment

• Adventitious Breath Sounds
  • Wheezes
  • Rales
  • Rhonchi
  • Stridor
  • Pleural Friction Rubs
• Using Vocal Fremitus to Confirm Pathology
  • Bronchophony
  • Whispered Pectoriloquy
  • Egophony

What is health?

In 1948, the World Health Organization (WHO)Trusted Source defined health with a phrase that modern authorities still apply.

“Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

In 1986, the WHOTrusted Source made further clarifications:

“A resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities.”

This means that health is a resource to support an individual’s function in wider society, rather than an end in itself. A healthful lifestyle provides the means to lead a full life with meaning and purpose.

In 2009, researchers publishing inThe LancetTrusted Source defined health as the ability of a body to adapt to new threats and infirmities.

They base this definition on the idea that the past few decades have seen modern science take significant strides in the awareness of diseases by understanding how they work, discovering new ways to slow or stop them, and acknowledging that an absence of pathology may not be possible.

Heart and Lung Sounds, 2nd Edition By Cyndi Zarbano

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